A. ADJECTIVE
1. Definition
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose has a
function to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more
information about the object signified.
An adjective modifies a noun
or a pronoun
by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes
the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
Ex:
·
The small boat found on the wine
dark sea.
·
The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.
An adjective can be modified by an adverb,
or by a phrase
or clause
functioning as an adverb. In the sentence
Ex:
·
My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.
(The adverb "intricately" modifies the adjective
"patterned.")
Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases
can also act as an adjectives in the sentence.
Ex:
·
Tina listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow.
Adjective
phrase
a.
To
describe something, we usually use descriptive adjective
b.
To
following are the words which can be used to describe or modify nouns, they can
b classify as the following.
Quality :
good, clever, attractive, beautiful, etc.
Size : small, big. short, medium, high,
etc
Age/temperature : new, old, ancient, modern, hot,
cold, cool
Shape :
round, square, cubical
Color :
red, black, pink, black, green, blue, etc
Origin :
Japanese, French, American
Material :
golden, metal, iron
Purpose :
scientific
c.
If
there are more than one adjective to describe something, we usually the correct
order as the following.
Determinative
|
Opinion
|
Size
/length
|
Age
/heat
|
shape
|
color
|
origin
|
material
|
purpose
|
Noun
|
a/an
the
his
|
Good
Nice
useful
|
Long
Short
big
|
New
Old
hot
|
Round
Square
Cubical
|
Red
Black
white
|
Japanese
French
|
Cotton
Iron
metal
|
scientific
|
Clothe
Calculator
watch
|
2.1.
Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective
("my," "your," "his," "her,"
"its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to
a possessive pronoun;
however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase,
as in the following sentences:
Ex:
·
I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the
textbook.
( In this sentence, the possessive
adjective "my" modifies "assignment" and the noun phrase
"my assignment" functions as an object.
·
After many years, she returned to her homeland.
(In this sentence, the possessive
adjective "her" modifies the noun "homeland" and the noun
phrase "her homeland" is the object of the preposition
"to."
The demonstrative
adjectives "this," "these," "that,"
"those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative
pronouns, but are used as adjectives to
modify nouns or noun phrases, as in the following sentences:
·
When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of
books.
( In this sentence, the
demonstrative adjective "that" modifies the noun "cord" and
the noun phrase "that cord" is the object of the preposition
"over.")
·
This
apartment needs to be fumigated.
( In this sentence "this"
modifies "apartment" and the noun phrase "this apartment"
is the subject
of the sentence.)
An interrogative adjective
("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun,
except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.
Ex:
·
Which
plants should be watered twice a week?
(Like other adjectives,
"which" can be used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In this
example, "which" modifies "plants" and the noun phrase
"which plants" is the subject of the compound verb "should be
watered")
·
What
book are you reading?
(In this sentence, "what" modifies
"book" and the noun phrase "what book" is the direct object
of the compound verb "are reading.")
An indefinite adjective is similar to
an indefinite pronoun,
except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
Ex:
·
Many people believe that
corporations are under-taxed.
(The indefinite adjective
"many" modifies the noun "people" and the noun phrase
"many people" is the subject of the sentence.)
·
They found a few goldfish floating
belly up in the swan pound.
(In this example the indefinite
adjective modifies the noun "goldfish" and the noun phrase is the
direct object of the verb "found".)
·
The title of Kelly's favorite game
is "All dogs go to heaven."
(In this sentence the indefinite
pronoun "all" modifies "dogs" and the full title is a
subject complement.)
4.
Comparison degree of adjective
a. Positive
degree
Examples
1.
The
earth, our planet, is as big as the moon.
2.
Krisdayanti
is as famous as Audi.
3.
This
animal is as that one in the cage.
4.
Tiger
is as firce as lion.
b. Comparative
degree
Examples
1.
A
whale is bigger than shark
2.
Syahrini
is more famous than Ashanti
3.
Cobra
is wilder than anaconda
4.
A
lion is more than a tiger
c. Superlative
degree
Examples
1.
The
earth, our planet, is most enjoyable place to live.
2.
Syahrini
is the most beautiful female pop singe of all
3.
Cobra
is the wildest of all snake species
4.
Lion
is most fierce animal in the jungle.
REGULAR
COMPARISON DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
NO
|
ADJECTIVE
|
COMPARATIVE
|
SUPERLATIVE
|
1.
|
Big
|
bigger
|
biggest
|
2.
|
Thick
|
thicker
|
thickest
|
3.
|
Wild
|
wilder
|
wildest
|
4.
|
Beautiful
|
More beautiful
|
Most beautiful
|
5.
|
Fierce
|
More fierce
|
Most fierce
|
6.
|
enjoyable
|
More enjoyable
|
Most enjoyable
|
7.
|
Deep
|
deeper
|
deepest
|
8.
|
important
|
More important
|
Most important
|
9.
|
handsome
|
More handsome
|
Most handsome
|
10.
|
Narrow
|
narrower
|
narrowest
|
11.
|
Busy
|
busier
|
busiest
|
IRREGULAR
COMPARISON DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
NO
|
ADJECTIVE
|
COMPERATIVE
|
SUPERLATIPE
|
1.
|
Good
|
Better
|
The
best
|
2.
|
Far
|
Father
|
The
farthest
|
3.
|
Bad
|
Worse
|
The
worst
|
4.
|
Little
|
Less
|
The
least
|
5.
|
Many
|
More
|
The
most
|
B. ADVERB
An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word
that modifies verbs or any part of speech other than a noun (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers),
clauses, sentences, and other adverbs. An adverb gives information about
when, how, or where something happened. In making narration, we need the adverb
of time, manner and place.
1. Adverb
of time
It
modifies the verb (when it happened). The following are adverb of time.
Points of time (definite):
*now, then, today, tomorrow,
tonight, yesterday
Frequency (definite):
*annually
, daily, monthly, nightly,weekly, yearly
Frequency (indefinite):
*always,
constantly, ever, frequently, generally, infrequently, never, normally,
occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, regularly, usually
Relationships in time:
*Already,
before, early, earlier, eventually, finally, first, last, late, later, lately,
next, previously, recently, since, soon, still, yet.
Example :
a.
I
was made noodle last night.
b.
They
played football last week.
c.
She
bought a new car yesterday.
2. Adverb
of manner
It
modifies the verb (how it happened). The adverbs of manner are formed by adding
kl to the adjectives. The following are adverbs of manner.
→ quickly
→
loudly
→
Smoothly
→
softly
→
badly
→
slowly
→
easily
→
clearly
Example:
a.
My
father drives his car slowly.
b.
I
finished my exam quickly.
c.
Ali
worked math easily.
How
ever there are adjectives which can not be added –ly to make adverbs, like well,
fast, etc.
3. Adverbs
of Place
It
modifies the verb (where it happened). The following are adverbs of place.
→
at home
→
there/here
→
in side the cave
→
behind the school
→
in the front of my office
→
on the street
→
in the yard
There are two
positions of adverbs
|
Manner,
place, time
|
Examples:
|
Place, manner,
time
|
Examples:
Bobby came home late yesterday
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